APT Crystallization Liquor Treatment--Hydrochloric Acid Adjustment

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    The crystalization method of evaporation and extraction method in the preparation of APT will produce crystallization liquor, leaving about 5% -10% of the WO3 and part of the S, P, As, Mo, K, Na and other impurities.  Resulting in it can not directly return to the process of use , In order to improve the recycle of metal , it is necessary to set up auxiliary processes to recycle WO3 in the liquor. Carbide Drilling Inserts CNMG Cast Iron Inserts Hydrochloric acid acidification adjustment method is a new occurrence of ammonium paratungstate crystallization liquor treatment process, it low cost, short process, and the equipment is simple. Hydrochloric acid method is mainly by using the reaction of strong acid against weak acid, adding suitable amount of hydrochloric acid into APT crystallization liquor, S2- is generated to H2S and volatilize from the liquor, tungsten is precipitated in the form of tungstic acid. Other few phosphorus, arsenic, tin and some impurities with most of cations like Ca, Mg, Cu form into a precipitate. A small amount of impurities that did not form a precipitate were mixed into the peak ammonium tungstate solution as the crystallization liquor was formulated as a desorbent, in the subsequent molybdenum removal process, the removal of the molybdenum reagent is carried out. The starting point of this method is the recycle of tungsten and ammonium chloride in the APT crystallization liquor, but the liquor in the high concentration of S2- not only can damage the ion exchange resin, can also lead to resolve the peak concentration of S2- on the high side, eventually the final crystallization of the APT sulfur exceeded. Therefore, a more appropriate treatment process is taking Cemented Carbide Inserts out a sulfur removal treatment. Hydrochloric acid adjustment method, while the cost is low, the process is short, but after all, the main material acids chemicals will inevitably increase the cost of environmental protection, so it needs to think twice before using it. 
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    Ultrafine Spherical Tungsten Powder Preparation by RF Plasma Spheroidization

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      At present, the preparation of spherical Tungsten Carbide Inserts at home and abroad mainly adopts radio frequency plasma spheroidization method. The spherical Tungsten Carbide Inserts prepared by this method has high sphericity. However, due to the agglomeration of Tungsten Carbide Inserts, the spherical Tungsten Carbide Inserts grows up after spheroidization, and it is difficult to produce spherical Tungsten Carbide Inserts with particle size less than 10 micrometers. Therefore, how to obtain spherical Tungsten Carbide Inserts with uniform particle size distribution has been paid more and more attention by scientists and technicians.

      Cemented Carbide Inserts TCMT Steel Inserts

      In order to prepare spherical Tungsten Carbide Inserts with high sphericity, smooth surface, good dispersion and uniform particle size, some technicians upgraded and improved the RF plasma spheroidization method. The process includes:

      1.Air dispersion and classification

      The powder with good dispersion and uniform particle size distribution can be obtained by feeding the raw material powder into air grinding. The separating wheel speed of airflow mill is 2500-7000 rpm, the pressure of grinding chamber is 0.1 MPa-1 MPa, and the feeding rate is 0.1-20 kg/h. The parameters depend on the original Cemented Carbide Inserts powder.

      2.Radio frequency plasma spheroidization

      The powder received in step 1 is spheroidized by radio frequency plasma spheroidizing device. The main technological parameters are: power 50~100KW, argon working gas flow 20~60slpm, argon protective gas flow 50~100slpm, system negative pressure 800~1500mm water column, powder feeding gas flow 2~10slpm, powder feeding rate 10~50g/min.

      The improved process combines gas impingement dispersion with radio frequency plasma spheroidization to solve the problem that ultrafine Tungsten Carbide Inserts is easy to agglomerate and make the spheroidized powder grow up. Ultrafine spherical Tungsten Carbide Inserts with particle size less than 10 micron, spheroidization rate of 100%, smooth surface, uniform particle size distribution and good dispersion is prepared.


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      Using Tungsten Carbide In Mining Applications

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        The mining industry has one of the highest demands for tools that have high wear-resistant, as working in a mine involves cutting through hard rock, often spanning several miles. Having tools that are resistant to wear means the company doesn’t have to replace their tools often, preventing money lost due to down times. Thus, there is a need for tungsten carbide coating of tools that do not wear out easily, ensuring continued productivity for longer periods of time.

        Before the use of these tungsten carbide coating tools, mining was primarily done using pick axes and shovels, to be replaced later on by tools made of steel. Where shovels relied on pure manpower to get Carbide Threading Inserts the job done, steel tools did a better job, albeit, they were susceptible to wear.

        Then came carbide tools. Since tools made of tungsten carbide are tougher and more wear-resistant, these tools are able to perform their job faster and for a longer time when compared to steel tools.

        Mining companies are always on the lookout for more abrasion resistant tools beyond the usual tungsten carbide-coated tools. Cemented carbide was developed by combining tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, and cobalt. This combination is even harder than regular carbine, while further improving ordinary tungsten carbine’s heat resistance ability.

        Diamond may also be added to the tools, as diamond is the toughest material on the planet, which can easily cut through practically any Cemented Carbide Inserts material.

         

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        Contrast tungsten alloy and depleted uranium

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          Tungsten alloy penetrators rely tungsten alloy penetrators penetrating armor kinetic energy projectiles to destroy targets. Depleted uranium bombs, also known as the decay of uranium bomb or debilitating uranium bomb. Refers to the use of nuclear power projectile out of the nuclear waste produced by depleted uranium-based alloys as raw material to produce warheads.

          Both materials can be used to produce the Cemented Carbide Inserts kinetic energy penetrators. Depleted uranium has a better ballistic performance when piercing would arise from sharpening. Some people think it is self-sharpening ability to penetrate the early stages of depleted uranium sensitivity to adiabatic shear stress due. Tungsten alloy does not have the ability to limit the shear stress in a certain area, resulting in the early warhead to penetrate into the front end was beaten flat mushroom shape, thus reducing the depth of penetration.

          But since in actual combat, drills, shooting practice, depleted uranium powder would spread to the natural environment, and depleted uranium is chemically toxic heavy metals, but also radioactive substances, so the use of depleted uranium bombs also caused controversy legitimacy . The tungsten alloy penetrators, not only has good armor-piercing power, and compared with depleted uranium has a non-toxic, non-radioactive pollution.

          For environmental protection requirements, tungsten alloy penetrators caused the attention of manufacturers.


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          One-Dimensional Silver Tungstate Nanoparticles Photocatalytic Study

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            Silver tungstate is a new type of semiconductor photocatalytic material. The preparation and properties of silver tungstate have gradually become a hot spot in the field of photocatalysis.

            TCMT Steel Inserts

            Early research on silver tungstate mainly focused on the preparation and characterization of micron particles, micron short rods and nano short rods. With the deepening of research, a variety of novel one-dimensional Carbide Grooving Inserts nanomaterials such as nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires and nanosheets have been developed one after another. The singular properties of these specific Nanomorphologies have attracted wide attention in the field of photocatalysis.

            On the basis of hydrothermal synthesis, the preparation of one-dimensional nano-silver tungstate materials requires the control of temperature, time, reaction precursor, pH and other conditions. The specific steps are as follows:

            Step 1: While stirring, add 50 ml silver nitrate solution with 0.01M concentration to 0.005M sodium tungstate solution drop by drop. The molar ratio of sodium tungstate in sodium tungstate solution to silver nitrate solution is 1:2, and then dilute nitric acid (mass percentage concentration is 2%) is adjusted to pH value of 2.5.

            Step 2, then placed in the reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, the hydrothermal synthesis reaction was carried out at a set temperature of 150 ℃ for 12 hours.

            Step 3. Cooling after hydrothermal reaction, opening the reactor, removing the supernatant from the tank of the reactor, taking sediments, cleaning, and vacuum drying at 60 ℃ for 2 hours, silver tungstate nanowires were obtained. The final morphology of silver tungstate nanowires was obtained.

            Catalytic properties of silver tungstate nanowires under ultraviolet irradiation were investigated. Under ultraviolet irradiation, photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue solution at 10 mg/L was over 95% in 40 minutes. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of silver tungstate microcrystals grown without pH adjustment of precursor solution for methylene blue solution was only about 60% in 40 minutes. It can be seen that Carbide milling inserts the specific surface area of silver tungstate nanowires is large, and the photocatalytic efficiency of silver tungstate nanowires is 58.3% higher than that of silver tungstate microcrystals.


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            Cu Content Effect on Tungsten Copper Liner

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              Tungsten copper liner is considered as the heart of ammunition, which not only has high hardness, high strength and low coefficient of thermal expansion of W, but also has good plasticity and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity of Cu. Compared with single metal liner, this kind of composite liner has many advantages, such more reasonable energy conversion and absorption mechanism, fuller utilization of chemical energy, better performance in armor, lower cost, a broader application prospect and so on. With the production technology and process innovation, dense liner gradually is replaced by powder liners.

              Since tungsten copper powder liner has high density, good ductility, deep penetration, less plugging and other advantages, it has been play an important role in shaped charge and some military fields. But in the process of tungsten copper liner, with the increasing temperature, Cu loss is always an inevitable problem. Cu loss will reduce the density and strength of materials. Related researchers based on pressure pressing, sintering temperature and time factors on the rate of variation of copper analyzed, and summed up the impact of copper and relative density on jet liner properties for the preparation of tungsten-copper powder liner offers theoretical basis. The experiments show that he rate of copper sintered samples with the pressing pressure increases with increasing sintering time and sintering temperature decreases, Cu loss is opposite. This is due to:
              1. The pressure increases effectively narrows the distance of W grains, which reduces the Cu loss from the inside and slows internal material Cu particles outward evaporation rate;
              2. The increasing pressure enlarges the contact area of Cu surface that the original Cu particles have a larger free energy in the melting process is easier and the Carbide Milling Inserts adjacent Cu particles fuse to form larger particles. And it reduces the volatile rate of fine particles at high temperature that the content of Cu remained stable. Therefore, the content of Cu impact on the jet penetration is significant less than the relative density, but plays an important role in the stability of the jet. The smaller the rate of copper loss, the liner jet penetration is more stable.

              SNMG Cast Iron Inserts

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              Photocatalyst of Copper Modified Violet Tungsten Oxide

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                With special surface structure and oxygen defect structure, violet tungsten oxide can be modified by copper ions, so as to have better photocatalytic properties. Copper modified violet tungsten oxide, which has a high rate of solar energy utilization, is an efficient photocatalyst.

                R424.9 Series Deep Hole Drilling Inserts

                With the increasingly serious energy and environmental issues, organic pollution of water resources is particularly prominent, not only affects human health, but also consumes a lot of energy to eliminate the pollutants. Therefore, new materials and photocatalytic technology have been developed to solve the pollution.

                Since photocatalytic decomposition of water had Cemented Carbide Inserts been found on T12 electrode, researchers have focused on the development of new photocatalytic materials. An ideal photocatalytic material should have low production cost, high secondary use and good photocatalytic property.

                A series of oxides as WO3, T12, ZnO and Fe2O3 are used as semiconductor photocatalysts. As band gap energy is not matched to sunlight well, they need to be modified to improve the photocatalytic properties. Method of modifying includes surface sensitization, metal ion doping and so on.

                Cemented Carbide Inserts R424.9 Series Deep Hole Drilling Inserts

                Violet tungsten oxide is an oxide of tungsten. It not only has special surface structure and oxygen defect structure, but can absorb ultraviolet light well. Therefore, violet tungsten oxide can be used as photocatalyst. In addition, copper can increase the response of photocatalyst in the visible region as a doping element. Therefore, violet tungsten oxide can be modified by copper ions to prepare a new kind of photocatalyst. During the preparation process, ammonium meta tungstate is used as tungsten source and copper nitrate is used as copper source. Ammonium nitrate and auxiliary agent are applied as raw materials as well.

                The prepared copper modified violet tungsten oxide is nano powder with a diameter of 30-200 nm and a length of 1-3 μm. It is a kind of photocatalytic material with good photocatalytic performance. Copper modified violet tungsten oxide has broad application prospects in the field of photocatalyst. 


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                Hydrothermal Preparation of Pyrochlore Tungsten Oxide

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                  Pyrochlore tungsten oxide as an important tungsten compound form, may be used for gaschromic, electrochromic, photochromic materials, catalysis, batteries and other fields. Pyrochlore tungsten oxide preparation method using soft chemical synthesis method and hydrothermal synthesis method.

                  16ER 2.15 Grooving Inserts

                  Soft chemical synthesis with APT as precursor, refluxing in acid glycol solution, thus, [(NH4)2O]W2O6 (x=0.5), products by ion exchange and dehydration, obtained pyrochlore tungsten oxide. Soft chemical synthesis method is early preparation of pyrochlore tungsten oxide, the reaction efficiency is low, is not suitable for large scale application.

                  Hydrothermal synthesis method includes adding hydrochloric acid in Na2WO4 solution was acidified by hydrothermal reaction, preparation of pyrochlore tungsten oxide, at present, the preparation of pyrochlore tungsten oxide by hydrothermal synthesis method is based on the system of sodium tungstate and the pyrochlore tungsten oxide has higher sodium and other impurities. Because of the structure of pyrochlore tungsten oxide special, impurity content is difficult to decline, severely affected the quality of products.

                  Some scholars have improved the hydrothermal method, and can directly from the ammonium tungstate solution preparation pyrochlore type tungsten oxide, the method steps are:

                  1) Adding tungstate type tungsten oxide seed into ammonium tungstate solution to obtain ammonium tungstate slurry;

                  2) The resulting Carbide Inserts ammonium tungstate slurry was placed in a reaction vessel, closed after hydrothermal reaction;

                  3) The slurry obtained after the hydrothermal reaction is cooled and solid-liquid separated, and the resulting solid is washed and dried, and part of the slurry is returned to the step 1) for the seed crystal, and the rest is the pyrochlore-type tungsten oxide product.

                  Hydrothermal method from ammonium tungstate solution preparation of pyrochlore tungsten oxide, compared with inorganic or organic acid solution to adjust the pH preparation of pyrochlore tungsten oxide process from sodium tungstate solution, using ammonium tungstate solution system, its wide range of applications, easy and mainstream tungsten metallurgy combination, easy to use; the system of adding the pyrochlore tungsten oxide crystal, can accelerate the reaction Carbide milling inserts rate, and the seeds can be recycled; hydrothermal reaction system closed, in which ammonia and ammonium carbonate were retained in the crystallization solution, can recycling, do not pollute the environment.


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                  Growth and Morphology of W18O49 Crystals Produced by Microwave Decomposition of Ammonium Paratungsta

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                    Growth and morphology of W18O49 crystals Cast Iron Inserts produced by microwave decomposition of ammonium paratungstate By microwave irradiation of ammonium paratungstate (APT, (NH 4)10 H 2Wi 2042 ' 4H 20), needle crystals of W 18 049 with a wide variety of size and morphology were formed. Their sizes and morphologies varied depending on various facets of individual APT pseudomorphous particles on which whiskers were grown, and among neighbouring decomposed APT pseudomorphous particles. Based on scanning electron and transmission electron-microscopic observations, it has been concluded that individual whiskers were monocrystalline and grew by a root growth mechanism from a nucleus formed in the amorphous layer, and that a rapid leader-like whisker growth in length was followed by a subsequent slower growth in thickness. Any evidence supporting a screw dislocation mechanism or tip growth by vapour-liquid-solid have not been detected.
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                    Detinning Process of APT Production- Controlling the Alkali Decomposition Conditions

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                      Usually the alkali decomposition conditions for wolframite are: alkali concentration of 500 g / L, the base amount of the theoretical amount of 160, reaction time of 4h, each batch of wolframite 1 t. In the various process conditions of alkali decomposition, such as temperature, time and alkali concentration, the temperature has the greatest impact on the leaching Carbide Stainless Steel Inserts rate of tin. In normal decomposition conditions, tin leaching rate increased with temperature increasing and the increase rate is much faster than the increase rate of tungsten leaching rate, the reason of which is the leaching reaction of tin is more inclined to thermodynamically controlled than tungsten. So the production often needs making a balance between the decomposition rate of tungsten requirements and product quality requirements of different minerals to determine the optimum reaction temperature. At this temperature, the low leaching degree of tin and high leaching rate of  tungsten achieves the best combination. However, this detinning process is mainly carried out at high temperatures (160 ~ 170 ℃), because temperature changes have little effect on the leaching rate of tin at low decomposition temperature. Thus, for the atmospheric mechanical agitation leaching Carbide Steel Inserts process of caustic soda, because the temperature is low (only 105 ~ 110 ℃), this detinning process is not meaningful then.
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